The weaponized Gulf riyal politik(s) and shifting dynamics of the global arms trade

Authors

  • Emma Soubrier Centre Michel de l’Hospital

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.15355/epsj.15.1.49

Keywords:

Middle East, Persian Gulf, Arabian Peninsula, defense, arms, international relations, political economy, power dynamics, foreign policy

Abstract

This article considers the politics and economics of arms trade in the Persian Gulf from the perspective of the importers, rather than the usual focus on the exporters. It analyses the purposes that weapons purchases have served over the last three decades for three of the most important Middle Eastern arms importers—the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, and Qatar. This shows an increasingly blurred divide between the political, economic and strategic dimensions of the arms trade. It suggests an important shift in the relations between the arms client/importing states, supplier/exporting states, and defense industrial companies.

References

Abdelfattah, Y.M., A.S. Abu-Qarn, P. Dunne, and S. Zaher. 2014. “The Demand for Military Spending in Egypt.” Defence and Peace Economics. Vol. 25, No. 3, pp. 231–245. https://doi.org/10.1080/10242694.2013.763454

Anderson, L. 1987. “The State in the Middle East and North Africa.” Comparative Politics. Vol. 20, No. 1, pp. 1–18. https://doi.org/10.2307/421917

Anthony, I. 1993. “The ‘Third Tier’ Countries: Production of Major Weapons,” pp. 362–383 in H. Wulf, ed. Arms Industry Limited. Oxford, U.K.: Oxford University Press.

Barnett, M. and A. Wendt. 1993. “Dependent State Formation and Third World Militarization.” Review of International Studies. Vol. 19, No. 4, pp. 321–347. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0260210500118248

Beblawi, H. and G. Luciani, eds. 1987. The Rentier State. New York, NY: Croom Helm.

Beraud-Sudreau, L. et al. 2015. “Reguler le commerce des armes par le Parlement et l’opinion publique.” Politique europeenne. Vol. 48, pp. 82–121. https://doi.org/10.3917/poeu.048.0082

Beraud-Sudreau, L. and H. Meijer. 2016. “Enjeux strategiques et economiques des politiques d’exportation d’armement: Une comparaison franco-americaine.” Revue internationale de politique comparee. Vol. 23, No. 1, pp. 57–84. https://doi.org/10.3917/ripc.231.0057

Bergstrand, J.H. 1992. “On Modeling the Impact of Arms Reductions on World Trade,” pp. 121–142 in W. Isard and C. Anderton, eds. Economics of Arms Reduction and Peace Process. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier Science Publisher. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-88848-8.50010-5

Bove, V. and Brauner, J. 2016. “The Demand for Military Expenditure in Authoritarian Regimes.” Defence and Peace Economics. Vol. 27, No. 5, pp. 609–625. https://doi.org/10.1080/10242694.2014.925325

Bove, V., C. Deiana, and R. Nisticò. 2018. “Global Arms Trade and Oil Dependence.” The Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization. Vol. 34, No. 2, pp. 272–299. https://doi.org/10.1093/jleo/ewy007

Brauer, J. 2007. “Arms Industries, Arms Trade, and Developing Countries,” pp. 973–1015 in T. Sandler and K. Hartley, eds. Handbook of Defense Economics: Defense in a Globalized World, Vol. 2. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier Science Publisher. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1574-0013(06)02030-8

Brauer, J. and J.P. Dunne. 2005. “Arms Trade Offsets and Development.” Africanus. Vol. 35, No. 1, pp. 14-24.

Brauer, J. and J. Paul Dunne. 2011. “Arms Trade Offsets: What do We Know?” pp. 243-265 in C.J. Coyne ad R.L. Mathers, eds. The Handbook on the Political Economy of War. Cheltenham, UK: ElgarBrzoska, M. and F.S. Pearson. 1994. “Developments in the Global Supply of Arms: Opportunity and Motivation.” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. Vol. 535, pp. 58–72. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716294535001005

Buzan, B. and E. Herrin. 1998. The Arms Dynamic in World Politics, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.

Chaudhry, K.A. 1997. The Price of Wealth. Economies and Institutions in the Middle East. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.

Cordesman, A.H. 2013. Securing the Gulf: Key Threats and Options for Enhanced Cooperation. Washington, D.C.: Center for Strategic and International Studies.

Crystal, J. 1995. Oil and Politics in the Gulf. Rulers and Merchants in Kuwait and Qatar. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.

Dunne, P. 1999. “The Globalisation of Arms Production and Trade: Implications for the UK Economy.” CAAT Inaugural Annual Lecture at the London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE).

Dunne, P. and S. Perlo-Freeman. 2003. “The Demand for Military Spending in Developing Countries.” International Review of Applied Economics. Vol. 17, No. 1, pp. 23–48. https://doi.org/10.1080/713673166

Dunne, J.P. and E. Skons. 2011. “The Changing Military Industrial Complex.” Working Papers 1104. Department of Accounting, Economics and Finance, Bristol Business School. Bristol, U.K.: University of the West of England.

Fearon, J. and B. Hansen. 2018. “The Arms Trade, International Alignments, and International Conflict.” [Working Paper—Stanford University and University of Copenhagen].

Fleurant, A. 2016. “Declining Transparency in Reporting on Arms Trade and Military Spending: Some Observations.” Forum on the Arms Trade. 17 May 2015. https://www.forumarmstrade.org/blog/archives/05-2016 [accessed 3 April 2020]

Garcia-Alonso, M.D.C. and P. Levine. 2007. “Arms Trade and Arms Races: A Strategic Analysis,” pp. 941–971 in T. Sandler and K. Hartley, eds. Handbook of Defense Economics: Defense in a Globalized World, Vol. 2. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier Science Publisher. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1574-0013(06)02029-1

Gervais, V. 2011. Du petrole a l’armee: les strategies de construction de l’Etat aux Emirats arabes unis, Paris, France: Institut de Recherche Strategique de l’Ecole Militaire (IRSEM).

Guisnel, J. 2011. Armes de corruption massive. Paris, France: La Decouverte.

Handel, M., 1982. “'Does the Dog Wag the Tail or Vice-Versa? Patron-Client Relations.” Jerusalem Journal of International Relations. Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 24–35.

Hanieh, A. 2018. Money, Markets, and Monarchies: The Gulf Cooperation Council and the Political Economy of the Contemporary Middle East. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108614443

Harb, I.K. 2017. “An Economic Explanation for Egypt’s Alignment in the GCC Crisis.” Arab Center Washington D.C. 9 August 2017. http://arabcenterdc.org/policy_analyses/an-economic-explanation-for-egypts-alignment-in-the-gcc-crisis/ [accessed 21 March 2020]

Harkavy, R.E. 1994. “The Changing International System and the Arms Trade.” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. Vol. 535, pp. 11–28. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716294535001002

Hasbani, N. 2006. “The Geopolitics of Weapons Procurement in the Gulf States.” Defense & Security Analysis. Vol. 22, No. 1, pp. 73–88. https://doi.org/10.1080/14751790600577181

Horinuki, K. 2011. “Controversies over Labour Naturalisation Policy and its Dilemmas: 40 Years of Emiratisation in the United Arab Emirates.” Kyoto Bulletin of Islamic Area Studies, Vol. 4, No. 1-2, pp. 41-61.

Karl, T.L. 1997. The Paradox of Plenty. Oil Booms and Petro-States. Berkeley, CA: California University Press.

Kinsella D. 1998. “Arms Transfer Dependence and Foreign Policy Conflict.” Journal of Peace Research. Vol. 35, No. 1, pp. 7–23. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343398035001002

Klare, M.T. 1983. “The Unnoticed Arms Trade: Exports of Conventional Arms-Making Technology.” International Security. No. 8, pp. 68–90. https://doi.org/10.2307/2538596

Krause, K. 1991. “Military Statecraft: Power and Influence in Soviet and American Arms Transfer Relationships.” International Studies Quarterly. Vol. 35, No. 3, pp. 313–333. https://doi.org/10.2307/2600702

Krause, K. 1992. Arms and the State: Patterns of Military Production and Trade. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511521744

Kupchan, C. 1987. The Persian Gulf and the West: Dilemmas of Security. New York, NY: HarperCollins Publishers Ltd.

Laurance, E.J. 1992. “Political Implications of Illegal Arms Exports from the United States.” Political Science Quarterly. Vol. 107, No. 3, pp. 501–533. https://doi.org/10.2307/2152442

Laurance, E.J., H. Wagenmakers and H. Wulf. 2005. “Managing the Global Problems Created by the Conventional Arms Trade: An Assessment of the United Nations Register of Conventional Arms.” Global Governance. Vol. 11, No. 2, pp. 225–246. https://doi.org/10.1163/19426720-01102007

Levine, P. and R. Smith. 1995. “The Arms Trade and Arms Control.” The Economic Journal. Vol. 105, No. 429, pp. 471–484. https://doi.org/10.2307/2235505

Levine, P. and R. Smith. 1997. “The Arms Trade.” Economic Policy. Vol. 12, No. 25, pp. 335–370. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0327.00024

Levine, P. and R. Smith. 2000. “The Arms Trade Game: From Laissez-Faire to a Common Defence Policy.” Oxford Economic Papers. Vol. 52, No. 2, pp. 357–380. https://doi.org/10.1093/oep/52.2.357

Neuman, S.G. 1985. “Coproduction, Barter and Countertrade: Offsets in the International Arms Market.” Orbis. Vol. 29, No. 1, pp. 183–213.

Paul, T.V. 1992. “Influence through Arms Transfers: Lessons from the U.S.-Pakistani Relationship.” Asian Survey. Vol. 32, No. 12, pp. 1078–1092. https://doi.org/10.1525/as.1992.32.12.00p0224m

Pierre, A.J. 1982. The Global Politics of Arms Sales. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400854271

Sampson, A. 1977. The Arms Bazaar: From Lebanon to Lockheed. New York, NY: Viking Press.

Shoemaker, C. and J. Spanier. 1984. Patron-Client Relationships: Multilateral Crises in the Nuclear Age. New York, NY: Praeger.

[SIPRI] Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. 2020. “SIPRI Arms Transfers Database.” https://www.sipri.org/databases/armstransfers [accessed 21 March 2020]

Smith, R. and A. Tasiran. 2010. “Random Coefficients Models of Arms Imports.” Economic Modelling. Vol. 27, No. 6, pp. 1522–1528. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2010.07.017

Soubrier, E. 2014. “La diplomatie economique des pays du Golfe a l’aune du Printemps arabe: du rayonnement a la puissance,” pp. 123–136 in F. Charillon and A. Dieckhoff, eds. Annuaire Afrique du Nord Moyen-Orient 2014–2015. Paris, France: La Documentation française.

Soubrier, E. 2016. “Mirages of Power? From Sparkly Appearances to Empowered Apparatus, Evolving Trends and Implications of Arms Trade in Qatar and the UAE,” pp. 135–151 in D. DesRoches and D. Thafer, eds. The Arms Trade, Military Services and the Security Market in the Gulf. Berlin, Germany: Gerlach Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt1hj9wn0.11

Soubrier, E. 2019a. “Global and Regional Crises, Empowered Gulf Rivals, and the Evolving Paradigm of Regional Security,” pp. 63–66 in Project on Middle East Political Science (POMEPS), POMEPS Studies 34: Shifting Global Politics and the Middle East. Washington, D.C.: POMEPS.

Soubrier, E. 2019b. “The Gulf Crisis: A Case for Rethinking the Gulf Region Security Paradigm,” pp. 57–73 in K. Al-Jaber and D. Thafer, eds. The Dilemma of Security & Defense in the Gulf Region. Washington, D.C.: Gulf International Forum.

Soubrier, E. 2019c. “Macron Diplomacy: A Jovian Prince in the Gulf.” The Arab Gulf States Institute in Washington. 12 November 2019. https://agsiw.org/macron-diplomacy-a-jovian-prince-in-the-gulf/ [Accessed 19 March 2020]

Soubrier, E. 2020. Gulf Security in a Multipolar World: Power Competition, Diversified Cooperation. Washington, D.C.: Arab Gulf States Institute in Washington.

Soubrier, E. 2021. Qatar and the United Arab Emirates: Diverging Paths to Regional and Global Power. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner (to be published in 2021).

Stork J. and J. Paul. 1983. “Arms Sales and the Militarization of the Middle East.” MERIP Reports. No. 112, pp. 5–15. https://doi.org/10.2307/3010847

Stork J. 1995. “The Middle East Arms Bazaar after the Gulf War.” MERIP Reports. No. 197, pp. 14–19. https://doi.org/10.2307/3013311

Surry, E. 2006. “Transparency in the Arms Industry.” SIPRI Policy Paper. No. 12. Stockholm, Sweden: SIPRI

Downloads

Published

2020-04-17

How to Cite

Soubrier, E. (2020). The weaponized Gulf riyal politik(s) and shifting dynamics of the global arms trade. The Economics of Peace and Security Journal, 15(1). https://doi.org/10.15355/epsj.15.1.49

Issue

Section

Articles

Similar Articles

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 > >> 

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.