Burden-sharing for global cooperation on safety and security

Authors

  • Marion Bogers Netherlands Defence Academy
  • Robert Beeres Netherlands Defence Academy
  • Myriame Bollen Netherlands Defence Academy

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.15355/epsj.14.1.27

Keywords:

Burden-sharing, NATO, public goods, military contributions, foreign aid, combating terror finance, carbon dioxide reductions, refugee protection

Abstract

Across the world, the perceived common ground regarding global safety and security is changing. Facing divergent threats, in addition to their cooperation on defense states will increasingly need to collaborate on additional dimensions to protect their citizens. Hence, next to the military burden-sharing debate, questions as to whether states are contributing their fair shares in other arenas as well will be subject to debate also. This article analyzes national contributions by 28 NATO states to five dimensions connected to today’s safety and security situation, namely military expenditures, foreign aid, combating terror financing, carbon dioxide reductions, and refugee protection. We find that states vary in their contributions to safety and security, each preferring to fund some dimensions more than others. We suggest that acknowledging and allowing for a certain degree of complementarity among states could help transform the debate on burden-sharing, which is cost-focused, to include benefit-sharing behavior. Thus, it may become possible to value every country’s contributions and, building on national strengths, to further cooperation for safety and security along all necessary dimensions.

Author Biographies

Marion Bogers, Netherlands Defence Academy

Marion Bogers is Assistent Professor of Defence Economics at the Faculty of Military Sciences, Netherlands Defence Academy

Robert Beeres, Netherlands Defence Academy

Robert Beeres is Professor of Defence Economics at the Faculty of Military Sciences, Netherlands Defence Academy

Myriame Bollen, Netherlands Defence Academy

Myriame Bollen is Professor of Civil Military Interaction at the Faculty of Military Sciences, Netherlands Defence Academy

References

Addison, T., M. McGillivray, and M. Odedokun. 2004. “Donor Funding of Multilateral Aid Agencies: Determining Factors and Revealed Burden Sharing.” The World Economy. Vol. 27, No. 2, pp. 173–191. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9701.2004.00595.x

Arnone M., and P.C. Padoan. 2008. “Anti-Money Laundering by International Institutions: A Preliminary Assessment.” European Journal of Law and Economics. Vol. 26, No. 3, pp. 361–386. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10657-008-9069-3

Beeres, R., and M. Bollen. 2011. “The Global Financial War on Terror: Analyses en cijfers,” pp. 92–106 in F. Osinga, J. Soeters, and W. van Rossum, eds. Nine eleven. Tien jaar later. Amsterdam: Boom.

Bogers, M., and R. Beeres. 2011. “Burden Sharing in Combating Terrorist Financing.” International Journal of Social, Behavioral, Educational, Economic, Business and Industrial Engineering. Vol. 7, No. 12, pp. 2992–2998.

Boyer, M.A. 1989. “Trading Public Goods in the Western Alliance System.” Journal of Conflict Resolution. Vol. 33, No. 4, pp. 700–727. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022002789033004006

Boyer, M.A. 1990. “A Simple and Untraditional Analysis of Western Alliance Burden-Sharing.” Defence and Peace Economics. Vol. 1, No. 3, pp. 243–259. https://doi.org/10.1080/10430719008404665

Carleton, T., S.M. Hsiang, and M. Burke. 2016. “Conflict in a Changing Climate.” The European Physical Journal. Special Topics. Vol. 225, No. 3, pp. 489–511. https://doi.org/10.1140/epjst/e2015-50100-5

Chalmers M. 1993. “Security Burden Sharing and the Transatlantic Relationship.” Paradigms. Vol. 7, No. 2, pp. 22–32. https://doi.org/10.1080/13600829308443051

Chalmers M. 2000. Sharing Security: The Political Economy of Burden Sharing. London: Macmillan Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-333-97740-8

Clémençon R. 2016. “The Two Sides of the Paris Climate Agreement: Dismal Failure or Historic Breakthrough?” Journal of Environment and Development. Vol. 25, No. 1, pp. 3–24. https://doi.org/10.1177/1070496516631362

CNBC. 2017. “NATO ‘Burden-Sharing’ Needs to Apply to Military and ‘Soft-Power’ Issues: Expert.” https://www.cnbc.com/video/2017/05/26/nato-burden-sharing-needs-to-apply-to-military-and-soft-power-issues-expert.html [accessed 21 January 2019].

Cottey A. 2007. Security in the New Europe. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.

[EU] European Union. 2017. “Global CO2 Emission Figures.” http://edgar.jrc.ec.europa.eu/overview.php?v=CO2ts1990-2015 [accessed 30 June 2017].

[FATF] Financial Action Task Force. 2017. “Mutual Evaluations.” http://www.fatf-gafi.org/publication/mutualevaluations/?hf=10&b=0&s=desc(fatf_releasedate) [accessed 16 June 2017].

Hof A., M. den Elzen M, and D. van Vuuren. 2010. “Including Adaptation Costs and Climate Change Damages in Evaluating Post-2012 Burden-Sharing Regimes.” Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change. Vol. 15, No. 1, pp. 19–40. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11027-009-9201-x

[IPCC] Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 2019. “Special Report: Global Warming 1.5 Celsius.” https://www.ipcc.ch/sr15/chapter/chapter-1-pdf/ [accessed 21 January 2019].

Kawashima, Y. 1996. “The Possibility of Differentiating Targets: Indices and Indexing Proposals for Equity,” pp. 61–70 in M. Paterson and M. Grubb, eds. Sharing the Effort: Analyzing Options for Differentiating Commitments Under the Framework Convention on Climate Change. London: The Royal Institute of International Affairs.

Khanna, J., and T. Sandler. 1996. “NATO Burden Sharing: 1960–1992.” Defence and Peace Economics. Vol. 7, No. 2, pp. 115–133. https://doi.org/10.1080/10430719608404846

Khanna, J., and T. Sandler. 1997. “Conscription, Peace-Keeping, and Foreign Assistance: NATO Burden Sharing in the Post-Cold War Era.” Defence and Peace Economics. Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 101–121. https://doi.org/10.1080/10430719708404871

[NATO] North Atlantic Treaty Organization. 2014. “Wales Summit Declaration.” http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/official_texts_112964.htm [accessed 13 February 2015].

[NATO] North Atlantic Treaty Organization. 2017. “Defence Expenditure Figures.” http://www.nato.int/cps/on/natohq/

topics_49198.htm [accessed 16 June 2017].

[OECD] Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. 2017. “Overseas Development Assistance Figures.” https://data.oecd.org/oda/net-oda.htm [accessed 16 June 2017].

Olson, Jr, M., and R. Zeckhauser. 1966. “An Economic Theory of Alliances.” Review of Economics and Statistics. Vol. 48, No. 3, pp. 266–279. https://doi.org/10.2307/1927082

Oneal, J. 1990. “Testing the Theory of Collective Action: NATO Defense Burdens, 1950-1984.” Journal of Conflict Resolution. Vol. 34, No. 3, pp. 426–448. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022002790034003003

Ringius, L., A. Torvanger, and B. Holtsmark. 1998. “Can Multi-Criteria Rules Fairly Distribute Climate Burdens? OECD Results from Three Burden Sharing Rules.” Energy Policy. Vol. 26, No. 10, pp. 777–793. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-4215(98)00032-9

Ringius, L., A. Torvanger, and A. Underdal. 2002. “Burden Sharing and Fairness Principles in International Climate Policy.” International Environmental Agreements. Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015041613785

Sandler, T. 2005. “NATO Benefits, Burdens and Borders: Comment.” Defence and Peace Economics. Vol. 16, No. 4, pp. 317–321. https://doi.org/10.1080/10242690500083709

Sandler, T., J. Cauley, and J. Forbes J. 1980. “In Defense of a Collective Goods Theory of Alliances.” Journal of Conflict Resolution. Vol. 24, No. 3, pp. 537–547. https://doi.org/10.1177/002200278002400308

Sandler, T., and K. Hartley. 2001. “Economic of Alliances: The lessons for Collective Action.” Journal of Economic Literature. Vol. 39, No. 3, pp. 869–896. https://doi.org/10.1257/jel.39.3.869

Sandler, T., and J. Murdoch. 2000. “On Sharing NATO Defence Burdens in the 1990s and Beyond.” Fiscal Studies. Vol. 21, No. 3, pp. 297–327. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-5890.2000.tb00026.x

Sandler, T., and H. Shimizu. 2014. “NATO Burden Sharing 1999–2010: An Altered Alliance.” Foreign Policy Analysis. Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 43–60. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1743-8594.2012.00192.x

Schuck, P. 1997. “Refugee Burden-Sharing: A Modest Proposal.” Yale Journal of International Law. Vol. 22, No. 2, pp. 243–298.

Solomon, B. 2004. “NATO Burden Sharing Revisited.” Defence and Peace Economics. Vol. 15, No. 3, pp. 251–258. https://doi.org/10.1080/10242690320001608917

Thielemann, E. 2018. “Why Refugee Burden-Sharing Initiatives Fail: Public Goods, Free-Riding and Symbolic Solidarity in the EU.” Journal of Common Market Studies. Vol. 56, No. 1, pp. 63–82. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcms.12662

[UNHCR] The United Nations Refugee Agency. 2017. “Applications and Refugee Status Determination by Country of Asylum.” http://www.unhcr.org/statistics [accessed 13 February 2018].

Vink, M., and F. Meijerink. 2003. “Asylum Applications and Recognition Rates in EU Member States 1982–2001: A Quantitative Analysis.” Journal of Refugee Studies. Vol. 16, No. 3, pp. 297–315. https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/16.3.297

Downloads

Published

2019-03-25

How to Cite

Bogers, M., Beeres, R., & Bollen, M. (2019). Burden-sharing for global cooperation on safety and security. The Economics of Peace and Security Journal, 14(1). https://doi.org/10.15355/epsj.14.1.27

Issue

Section

Articles

Similar Articles

<< < 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 > >> 

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.