Restructuring state power in Sudan

Authors

  • Andrew Tchie
  • Hamid E Ali

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.15355/epsj.16.1.41

Keywords:

Sudan, conflict, military, security, restructuring state power

Abstract

Developing post-conflict economic policies in Sudan remains a significant challenge for the Sudanese transitional government and the international community. This article argues that understanding the conflict, its costs and the progress made during the current peace agreement are essential for advancing policy reforms in Sudan. The Sudanese transitional government has attempted to implement reforms, but little progress has been made because the civilian elements operate outside of the existing state power. The previous regimes policies sustained conflict(s) through both passive and active enablement of the Sudanese security forces, which means that the restructuring of state power is essential to place Sudan on the right course towards sustained democracy. This article posits that addressing structural reforms in Sudan means establishing control over the economy, defense, and security sectors.

References

African Development Bank. (2016). 'Sudan: Darfur Infrastructure Development Report'. Abidjan 01, Côte d'Ivoire.

Ali, A., Elbadawi, G. I., and El-Batahani, A. (2005). 'The Sudan's Civil War: Why Has It Prevailed for So Long?' Chapter 10. In Collier, P., and Sambanis, N. (editors), Understanding Civil War: Evidence and Analysis. Volume I: Africa. Washington DC: World Bank.

Ali, Hamid. (2013). 'Estimates of the Economic Cost of Armed Conflict: A Case Study from Darfur'. Defence and Peace Economics 24(6): 503-519. https://doi.org//10.1080/10242694.2012.723154

Ali, Hamid (2014). Darfur Political Economy: A Quest for Development. Edited Volume. London: Routledge (ISBN: 9781857437119). https://doi.org//10.4324/9781315867755

Amnesty International. (2016). 'Sudan: Five Years and Counting: Intensified Aerial Bombardment, Ground Offensive and Humanitarian Crisis in South Kordofan State, The Signing of the Roadmap Agreement-False Hope?' Available at: https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/AFR5449132016ENGLISH.pdf (Accessed: 01 October 2020).

Asylum Research Centre. (2018). 'Sudan Country Report and Updates: The Situation in South Kordofan and the Blue Nile'. https://www.refworld.org/docid/5bc6011a4.html (Accessed: 16 September 2020)

Beswick F, S. (1991). The Addis Ababa Agreement: 1972-1983 Harbinger of the Second Civil War in the Sudan. In Northeast African Studies, Michigan State University Press.

Brauer, J., and Dunne, P. (2012). 'Peace Economics and Macroeconomic Primer for Violence Affected states' United States Institute of Peace, Washington, DC.

Brauer, J., and Dunne, P. (2011). 'On the Cost of Violence and the Benefit of Peace: Peace Economics'. Peace Science and Public Policy 16 (2): 1-12. https://doi.org//10.2202/1554-8597.1209

Collier, P., and Hoeffler, A. (2004). 'Aid, Policy and Growth in Post-Conflict Societies'. European Economic Review 48(5): 1125-1145. DOI: 10.1016/j.euroecorev.2003.11.005. https://doi.org//10.1016/j.euroecorev.2003.11.005

Dabanga. (2017a). 'Sudan's Defence and Security Budget Slated'. Available at: https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/sudan-s-defence-and-security-budget-slated (Accessed: 22 October 2020).

Dabanga. (2017b). 'Sanctions lifted: Little to Celebrate "unless Sudan Changes internal Politics"'. Available at: https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/sanctions-lifted-little-to-celebrate-unless-sudan-changes-internal-politics (Accessed: 16 September 2020).

DDPD. (2011). Doha Document for Peace in Darfur. Doha, Qatar.

El-Battahani, A. (2006) 'Towards a Typology and Periodization Schema of Conflicts in Darfur Region of Sudan', in A.G.M. Ahmed and L. Manger (eds) Understanding the Crisis in Darfur, pp. 33-42. Bergen: Centre for Development Studies.

Gallopin, B, J. (2020). 'Bad Company: How Dark Money Threatens Sudan's Transition'. European Council on Foreign Relations. Available at: https://ecfr.eu/publication/bad_company_how_dark_money_threatens_sudans_transition/ (Accessed: 23 September 2020).

Global Financial Integrity. (2020). 'Sudan and Trade Integrity'. Available at: https://gfintegrity.org/report/sudan-and-trade-integrity/ (Accessed: 26 December 2020).

Global Witness (2019). 'Secret Documents Reveal Financial Network Supporting Sudan's Most Powerful Militia-Responsible for the Khartoum Massacre'. Available at: https://www.globalwitness.org/en/press-releases/secret-documents-reveal-financial-network-supporting-sudans-most-powerful-militia-responsible-for-the-khartoum-massacre/ (Accessed: 11 October 2020).

Goncharenko, R. (2020). 'With Sudan naval base, Russia may have a 'key to Africa'. Available at https://www.dw.com/en/with-sudan-naval-base-russia-may-have-a-key-to-africa/a-55791124 (Accessed: 10 December 2020).

Human Rights Watch (2003). 'Oil and Human Rights Sudan'. Human Rights Watch, Brussels, New York, Washington D. C. Available at: http://www.hrw.org/reports/2003/sudan1103/sudanprint.pdf (Accessed: 21 December 2020).

Human Rights Watch (2004). 'Darfur Destroyed, Ethnic Cleansing by Government and Militia Forces in Western Sudan'. Human Rights Watch, Brussels, New York, Washington D. C.

Available at: https://www.hrw.org/report/2004/05/06/darfur-destroyed/ethnic-cleansing-government-and-militia-forces-western-sudan (Accessed: 12 November 2020).

Human Rights Watch (2006). 'International NGOs Call for Strong Force in Darfur, Joint Letter to the U.N. Security Council'. Available at: https://www.hrw.org/news/2006/05/24/international-ngos-call-strong-force-darfur (Accessed 23 December 2020).

JDPAS. (2020). Juba Document for Peace Agreement in Sudan. Juba, South Sudan.

Johnson, Douglas H. (2011). The Root Causes of Sudan's Civil Wars: Peace or Truce. Rev. ed. Woodbridge, UK: James Currey. First published: Johnson, Douglas H. 'The Root Causes of Sudan's Civil Wars'. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, (2003).

Jok, M. J. (2007). Sudan: Race, Religion and Violence. Oxford: One World.

Khalid, M. (1990). The Government They Deserve: The Role of the Elite in Sudan's Political Evolution. London: Kegan Paul.

Lanz, D. (2008). 'Conflict Management and Opportunity Cost: The International Response to the Darfur Crisis'. Madrid: FRIDE (September).

LeRiche, M. (2019). 'The Fall of Omar Bashir in Sudan: A People's Revolution or a Changing of the Guard?' E-International Relations. Available at https://www.e-ir.info/2019/04/17/the-fall-of-omar-bashir-in-sudan-a-peoples-revolution-or-a-changing-of-the-guard/ (Accessed: 5 December 2020).

Lindgren, G. (1984). 'Armaments and Economic Performance in Industrialized Market Economies'. Journal of Peace Research 21(4): 375-387. https://doi.org//10.1177/002234338402100405

Mamdani, M. (1996). Citizen and Subject: Contemporary Africa and the Legacy of Late Colonialism. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press

Mamdani, M. (2009). Saviors and Survivors: Darfur, Politics, and the War on Terror. New York: Pantheon.

Mirghani, E, D. (2002). Al-Jayish al-Soudani wa al-Siyasa. The Sudanese Army and Politics. Sudenses Studies Centre, Cairo.

Mohmed, A. (2009). 'Evaluating the Darfur Peace Agreement: A Call for an Alternative Approach to Crisis Management'. Uppsala, Sweden: Uppsala University and the Nordic Africa Institute (NAI).

Roessler, G.P. (2011). 'The Enemy Within: Personal Rule Coups and Civil War in Africa'. World Politics 63(2): 300-346. https://doi.org//10.1017/S0043887111000049

Scanteam. (2007). 'Review of Post-Crisis Multi-Donor Trust Funds: Country Study Annexes. Oslo': World Bank, Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation.

Schwartzstein, P. (2019). 'Sudan's Bid to Feed the Middle East Left Its Own People Furious'. Bloomberg Media. Available at: https://www.bloomberg.com/features/2019-sudan-nile-land-farming/ (Accessed: 11 November 2020).

Sharkey, H. (2004). Sudan: Oil and War. In C. Legum (Ed.), Africa Contemporary Record 1998-2000: 27 (January 1999 - 31 December 2000) (pp. B651 - 67). New York: Holmes and Meier.

Sudan Tribune. (2020a). 'Sudan's State-Owned Enterprises Do Not Pay Income Taxes: Official'. Available at: https://sudantribune.com/spip.php?article69488 (Accessed: 24 September 2020).

Sudan Tribune. (2020b). 'Sudanese Government Take Control of Gold Mines in North Darfur'. Available at https://sudantribune.com/spip.php?article70011 (Accessed: 31 October 2020).

Sudan Tribune. (2013). 'Sudanese President Pardons NISS Officers Convicted in Coup Attempt'. Available at: https://sudantribune.com/spip.php?article46414 (Accessed: 12 November 2020).

Suliman, M. (1993). 'Civil War in the Sudan: From Ethnic to Ecological Conflict', The Ecologist, 23 (May-June): 104-109.

Suliman, D. M. (2008). The War in Darfur: The Resource Dimension. Sudanese Journal for Human Rights. Culture and Issues of Cultural Diversity, 1-28.

Taylor, I. (2009). 'China's New Role in Africa'. London: Lynne Reinner.

Tchie, Y, E, A. (2019a). 'How Sudan's protesters upped the ante and forced al-Bashir from power'. The Conversation. Available at: https://theconversation.com/how-sudans-protesters-upped-the-ante-and-forced-al-bashir-from-power-115306. (Accessed: 25 October 2020).

Tchie, Y, E, A. (2019b). 'Sudan's deep state still poses a threat to the democratic process'. The Conversation. Available at: https://theconversation.com/sudans-deep-state-still-poses-a-threat-to-the-democratic-process-130243 (Accessed: 08 October 2020).

UNHCR. (2019). 'Sudan Fact Sheet'. UNHCR Sudan. https://reporting.unhcr.org/sites/default/files/UNHCR%20Sudan%20Fact%20Sheet%20-%20August%202019.pdf (Accessed: 3 March 2021).

UN-Habitat Sudan. (2015). 'Evaluation of the UN-Habitat Sudan Country Programme 2012-2015'.

Wennmann, A. (2008). 'Wealth Sharing beyond 2011: Economic Issues in Sudan's North-South Peace Process'. Working Paper. Geneva: CCPP.

Williams, D, P., and Bellamy, J, A. (2005). 'The Responsibility to Protect and the Crisis in Darfur.' Security Dialogue 36(1): 27-47. https://doi.org//10.1177/0967010605051922

World Gold Council (2020). 'Gold Mining Production Volumes Data'. Available at: https://www.gold.org/download/file/7593/Gold-Mining-Production-Volumes-Data.xlsx (Accessed: 20 December 2020)

Downloads

Published

2021-04-25

How to Cite

Tchie, A., & Ali, H. E. (2021). Restructuring state power in Sudan. The Economics of Peace and Security Journal, 16(1). https://doi.org/10.15355/epsj.16.1.41

Issue

Section

Articles

Similar Articles

<< < 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 > >> 

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.